... tooth paste, lipstick, mascara, chewing gum, magnetic recording media, Powerpoint Presentation

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M. Meyyappan NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA 94035 m.meyyappan@nasa.gov Nanotechnology: What is it? What are the opportunities? AIChE Webinar: March 12, 2008

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What is Nanotechnology? • Nanotechnology is about making useful things by manipulating matter at the nanometer length scale (1-100 nm) • The key is to make use of unique properties which arise because of the nanoscale • The object created can be nano, even micro or macro Nanometer • One billionth (10-9) of a meter • Hydrogen atom 0.04 nm • Proteins ~ 1-20 nm • Feature size of computer chips 60 nm (in 2007) • Diameter of human hair ~ 10 µm

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Origins of Differences spherical iron nanocrystals • J. Phys. Chem. 1996, Vol. 100, p. 12142 Increase in surface to volume ratio Dominance of interfacial phenomena Quantum mechanics Systems are not large enough for classical laws of physics to apply.

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Properties Do Change from Bulk to Nano Scale • Physical (melting point, specific heat, color…) • Chemical (reactivity, solubility…) • Electrical (bandgap of semiconductors…) • Mechanical • Optical • Magnetic (coercivity…) • •

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Impact of Nanotechnology • Electronics, Computing, and Communications • Materials and Manufacturing • Health and Medicine • Energy • Environment • Transportation • National Security • Space exploration • • Nanotechnology is not any single technology, instead it is an enabling technology (It is not the end, but just the means)

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Expected Nanotechnology Benefits in Electronics and Computing • Processors with declining energy use and cost per gate, while increasing efficiency orders of magnitude • Small mass storage devices: multi-tera bit levels • Integration of logic, memory and sensing • Higher transmission frequencies and more efficient utilization of optical spectrum to provide at least 10 times the bandwidth now • Integration of IT network, communication, sensing, Ex: intelligent appliance

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• Expanding ability to characterize genetic makeup will revolutionize the specificity of diagnostics and therapeutics - Nanodevices can make gene sequencing more efficient • Effective and less expensive health care using remote and in-vivo devices • New formulations and routes for drug delivery, optimal drug usage • More durable, rejection-resistant artificial tissues and organs • Sensors for early detection and prevention Nanotube-based biosensor for cancer diagnostics

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• Ability to synthesize nanoscale building blocks with control on size, composition etc. further assembling into larger structures with designed properties will revolutionize materials manufacturing - Manufacturing metals, ceramics, polymers, etc. at exact shapes without machining - Lighter, stronger and programmable materials - Lower failure rates and reduced life-cycle costs - Bio-inspired materials - Multifunctional, adaptive materials - Self-healing materials

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• Energy Production - Clean, less expensive sources enabled by novel nanomaterials and processes - Improved solar cells - Refinery in a hole • Energy Utilization - High efficiency and durable home and industrial lighting - Solid state lighting can reduce total electricity consumption by 10% and cut carbon emission by the equivalent of 28 million tons/year (Source: Al Romig, Sandia Lab) • Materials of construction sensing changing conditions and in response, altering their inner structure Energy Production and Utilization

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Benefits of Nano in the Environment Sector • Nanomaterials have a large surface area. For example, single-walled carbon nanotubes show ~ 1600 m2/g. This is equivalent to the size of a football field for only 4 gms of nanotubes. The large surface area enables: - Large adsorption rates of various gases/vapors - Separation of pollutants - Catalyst support for conversion reactions - Waste remediation • Filters and Membranes - Removal of contaminants from water - Desalination • Reducing auto emissions, NOx conversion - Rational design of catalysts

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Benefits of Nanotechnology in Transportation • More efficient catalytic converters • Thermal barrier and wear resistant coatings • Battery, fuel cell technology • Improved displays • Wear-resistant tires • High temperature sensors for ‘under the hood’; novel sensors for “all-electric” vehicles • High strength, light weight composites for increasing fuel efficiency

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• Improved collection, transmission, protection of information • Very high sensitivity, low power sensors for detecting chem/bio/nuclear threats • Light weight military platforms, without sacrificing functionality, safety and soldier security - Reduce fuel needs and logistical requirements • Reduce carry-on weight of soldier gear - Increased functionality per unit weight

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Some Examples of Nanomaterials

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Carbon Nanotube CNT is a tubular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1 nm. Length: few nm to microns. CNT is configurationally equivalent to a single or multiple two dimensional graphene sheet(s) rolled into a tube (single wall vs. multiwalled). CNT exhibits extraordinary mechanical properties: Young’s modulus over 1 Tera Pascal, as stiff as diamond, and tensile strength ~ 200 GPa. CNT can be metallic or semiconducting, depending on (m-n)/3 is an integer (metallic) or not (semiconductor). See textbook on Carbon Nanotubes: Science and Applications, M. Meyyappan, CRC Press, 2004.

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CNT Applications: Structural, Mechanical • High strength composites • Cables, tethers, beams • Multifunctional materials • Functionalize and use as polymer back bone - plastics with enhanced properties like “blow molded steel” • Heat exchangers, radiators, thermal barriers, cryotanks • Radiation shielding (with H2 or Boron storage) • Filter membranes, catalyst supports • Body armor, space suits

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CNT Applications Sensors, Bio, NEMS • CNT based microscopy: AFM • Nanotube sensors: bio, chemical… • Molecular gears, motors, actuators • Batteries (Li storage), Fuel Cells • Nanoscale reactors, ion channels • Biomedical - Nanoelectrodes for implantation - Lab on a chip - Artificial muscles - Vision chip for macular degeneration, retinal cell transplantation Electronics • CNT quantum wire interconnects • Diodes and transistors for computing • Data Storage / memory • Capacitors • Field emitters for instrumentation • Flat panel displays Challenges Challenges

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Various Inorganic Nanowires • All these have been grown as 2-d thin films in the last three decades • Current focus is to grow 1-d nanowires (INWs)

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Vertically-Aligned Nanowires for Device Fabrication ZnO Nanowires Germanium Nanowires P. Nguyen et al., Advanced Materials, Vol. 17, p. 549 (2005). H.T. Ng et al., Science, Vol. 300, p. 2149 (2003).

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Application Summary for Nanowires

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Desirable Attributes of Nanoparticles Tremendous increase in surface-to-volume ratio • Increase in solubility • Increase in reactivity • Possible increase in hardness (ex: titanium nitride)

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Fine Particle Technology • Common powders: - Cement, fertilizer, face powder, table salt, sugar, detergents, coffee creamer, baking soda… • Products in which powder incorporation is not obvious - Paint, tooth paste, lipstick, mascara, chewing gum, magnetic recording media, slick magazine covers, floor coverings, automobile tires… • There is always an optimum particle size - Taste of peanut butter affected by particle size - Extremely fine amorphous silica is added to control the ketchup flow - Medical tablets dissolve in our system at a rate controlled by particle size - Pigment size controls the saturation and brilliance of paints - Effectiveness of odor removers controlled by the surface area of adsorbents. From: Analytical methods in Fine Particle Technology, Webb and Orr

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Dendrimers: What are They? • Tree-like polymers, branching out from a central core and subdividing into hierarchical branching units - Not more than 15 nm in size, Mol. Wt very high - Very dense surface surrounding a relatively hollow core (vs. the linear structure in traditional polymers) - Surface may consist of acids or amines ? route to attach functional groups ? control/modify properties - Contains cavities and channels ? can be used to trap guest molecules for various applications. Applications - Drug delivery - Gene therapy, cancer therapy - Antimicrotrial and Antiviral agents Courtesy of: http://www.uea.ac.uk/cap/wmcc/anc.htm

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Safety and Health Concerns: Regulatory Issues • Concerns have been raised in recent years. • “Knowledge is power.” So, we need to know the impact of nanomaterials with respect to: worker safety, public safety, etc. - This requires all the studies normally done with any new material development. - Only such knowledge can lead us to see if new regulations and congressional legislation are required. - In that sense, this is no different from any material development effort in the past.

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Logic/Memory Companies Intel, IBM, NEC, Samsung, Siemens,… • Consumer Electronics - Toshiba, Samsung, LG, Philips, Mitsubushi… Chemical Companies - Degussa, Dupont, Clorox, LG Chemicals, Mitsubushi… Cosmetics - L’Oreal… Aerospace - Boeing, EADS, Lockhead Martin… Automotive - GM, Ford, Toyota, BMW… Who is active?

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Red Herring, May 2002 Commonality: Railroad, auto, computer, nanotech all are enabling technologies Mom, Are We There Yet?

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Summary • Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will impact all the economic sectors across the board. Considered the technology of the 21st Century and therefore, worldwide investment from governments. • This is a long time scale event…. No real short cuts…… • Strong need to educate the future generation scientists and engineers about this emerging field.