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3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges Suresh R. Borkar
Adjunct Faculty, Dept of ECE, Ill Instt. of Tech.
sureshbo@hotmail.com
Apr 14, 2006 |
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3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges Where are we?
3G Wireless Summary
Where do we Want to go?
Evolution to Seamless Networking
4G Wireless
Challenges
The one who stays still is left behind |
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Where are We? Classic Wireline MaBell Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
US Universal coverage achieved early 1980’s
“Wireless” First Generation Analog Systems
Speech
AMPS, TACS
Second Generation Digital Systems
Enhanced Capacity
CDMA, D-AMPS, TDMA, GSM, DECT, PDC
2.5 Generation Systems
Low Speed Data
GPRS, EDGE
Third Generation Systems
“INTERNET” on Wireless
WiFi/HyperLAN <-> WiMAX/HyperWAN <-> CDMA2000/WCDMA
Evolution to All IP Network including VoIP |
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Representative Wireless Standards GSM/TDMA
Time Division Multiplexing based access
CDMA
Code Division Multiplexing based access
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Many toys to play with |
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TDMA/FDMA Give the same air to all |
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CDMA X I I I All persons are created equal Channelization code: Separate xmissions
from a single source from each other
Scrambling code: separate different sources
from each other
Spreading Code = Channelization code x
Scrambling code |
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Multipath Arrival of Signals |
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CDMA Rake Receiver |
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA
Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally efficient manner without requiring multiple local oscillators (802.11a and 802.16)
Based on use of IFFT and FFT
Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality in CDMA using Walsh Code
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3G Services Who is first? – the customer; who is second? - No one |
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Key Mobility Services Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS)
Text, sounds, images, and video
Transition from Short Message Service (SMS)
Open Internet standards for messaging
Web Applications
Information portals
Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Location Communications Services
Location Awareness Based
Personalization of information presentation format
Service capability negotiations (MExE environment) |
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Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Mobile user <-> ISP <-> corporate server
Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality
Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
Subscriber profile, charging information, Service information, numbering information
Integration of array of services, content conversion to heterogeneous services, network user profile, location aware services Take the claims with a grain of salt |
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GSM Network C, D Gw-MSC C E, ISUP PSTN/ISDN ISUP GSM 04.08 Call MSC VLR A UE SMS-GW SCP IN gsm
SCF SSP Circuit domain |
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GSM & GPRS C, D Gw-MSC C E, ISUP PSTN/ISDN ISUP GSM 04.08+ Call MSC VLR A UE SMS-GW GGSN PDN Gi Gb SGSN Data, voice, video
call GSM 04.08+ Gr Gc Gn CGw Ga Ga SCP IN gsm
SCF SSP IP Services Circuit domain Packet domain |
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WCDMA/UMTS C+, D+ Gw-MSC C E+, ISUP PSTN/ISDN ISUP GSM 04.08++ Call 3G-MSC VLR Iu-cs UE SMS-GW GGSN PDN Gi+ Iu-ps 3G-SGSN Data, voice, video
call GSM 04.08++ Gr+ Gc+ Gn+ CGw Ga+ Ga+ SCP IN, CAMEL gsm
SCF SSP IP Services Circuit domain Packet domain |
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GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services High Bit Rate, Kbps Low Text Messaging Mobility Voice 76.0 GPRS 384.0 EDGE UMTS 2 Mb/s 9.6 14.4 HSCSD CS Data
Fax GSM
HSCSD
GPRS (stationary) (Car / Train) |
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3G Evolution GSM
HSCSD
15.2 kbps GPRS
170 kbps EDGE
473 kbps EDGE Ph2
GRAN
473 kbps TDMA
CDPD
43.2 kbps TD-SCDMA
284 kbps TD-SCDMA
Ph 2
2 Mbps PDA/PDC-P
14.4 kbps WCDMA FDD
2 Mbps WCDMA TDD 2 Mbps WCDMA HSDPA 10 Mbps cdmaOne
76.8 kbps CDMA2000 1x
307 kps 1XEV-DO (HDR) 2.4 Mbps 1XEV-DV (HDR) 5.4 Mbps WLAN
IEEE 802.11b
11 Mbps HyperLAN2
54 Mbps IEEE 802.11 a/h
54 Mbps Harmonized
HyperLAN2
And IEEE 802.11a Ref: Honkasalo et al, WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and Beyond, IEEE Wireless Communication, Apr 2002 3.5G 2.5G WiMAX/HyperMAN also in the mix |
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Some Representative Current Wireless Options 3G Cellular (WCDMA)
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in frequency – (“symmetric”)
Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in time – allows “asymmetric” traffic (adjust time slots in uplink and downlink)
3G Cellular (CDMA2000)
Wi Fi
802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2
2.4 GHz band
WiMAX
802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (“portable”)
5.8 GHz band; 10 – 20 Mbps symmetrical BW
Blue Tooth
RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage
2.4 GHz band Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Survival of the fittest |
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3G WCDMA Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Domains, Protocols, and Channels
Radio Resource Management
Network Dimensioning and Optimization
Quality of Service (QoS0 and Location Services
The favored twin sister of CDMA2000 |
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Release 99 Radio Bearer Negotiations
Traffic Classes
Complex Scrambling
Speech Codec – (eight) Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR)
Battery Life
Transmission “spatial/antenna” diversity
Compressed Mode
Measurements in multiple frequency
Use of transmission time reduction techniques
# PDP Contexts per IP Address
QPSK; coherent detection; Rake receiver
Short and Long Spreading Codes
Multicall – several simultaneous CS calls with dedicated bearers of independent traffic and performance characteristics
Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) Phase 3 A lot to gobble |
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Release 4 Bearer Independent Core Network
Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation (TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC)
Low Chip Rate TDD Operation
Network Assisted Cell Change
FDD Repeater
NodeB Synchronization for TDD
IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and non-real time traffic
Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW (Connection management subtasks)
Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment |
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Release 5 IP Transport in UTRAN
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps)
Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex)
IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS)
“Guaranteed” End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain
Global Text Telephony
Support for Real Time Services in packet domain
CAMEL Phase 4 |
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HSDPA Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps
Same spectrum by both voice and data
Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)
Fast link Adaptation
Both code and time division for channel sharing
Transmission Time interval 2 ms
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreading factor fixed to 16
Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH)
New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info
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WCDMA Domains Standardization of architecture (domains) and standardization of protocols (strata) |
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WCDMA Protocol Layers |
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WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer |
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WCDMA Channels Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interface
Logical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface Channels made by soft hats |
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Mapping Between Channels N to M |
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WCDMA Channel Usage Examples Flexibility comes with responsibility |
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Radio Resource Management Power Control
Handover
Access Control
Load and Congestion Control
Packet Scheduling |
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WCDMA Power Control (near = far) Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)
Open Loop Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA) |
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WCDMA Handovers Hard and Inter-frequency handovers
Intersystem cell-reselection
“Equivalent PLMN mode” (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode) Softer Soft |
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Handover Algorithm A relay race with multiple batons |
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Network Dimensioning and Optimization Dimensioning Criteria
Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service
Dimensioning
Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor
Estimation of average interference power
Coverage end Outage probabilities
Optimization
Performance Requirements
Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes Don’t force a round peg in a square hole |
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WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos) Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer
Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate
Authentications
One way communications is no communications |
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Location Services (LCS) Cell ID based
Observed Time Difference Arrival – Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)
Network Assisted GPS You can run but you cannot hide |
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Why Move Towards 4G? Limitation to meet expectations of applications like multimedia, full motion video, wireless teleconferencing
Wider Bandwidth
Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards hampering global mobility and service portability
Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs’; need a new integrated network
Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more efficient modulation schemes
Need all all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged video and data
Incessant human desire to reach the sky |
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Where Do We Want to Go? Seamless Roaming
Integrated “standard” Networks
Mobile Intelligent Internet
Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks We are no longer in Kansas, Toto |
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Upcoming 3.5 G
Evolved radio Interface
IP based core network
4G
New Air Interface
Very high bit rate services
Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP worlds And Now for Something Completely Different |
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3G All-IP Reference Architecture Iu Gi R Uu Gn Gc Gp Signalling and Data Transfer Interface Signalling Interface Gr Other PLMN Gn Applications
& Services SCP CAP TE MT SGSN GGSN HLR SGSN GGSN Multimedia
IP Networks UTRAN |
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WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network UTRAN |
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3.5G Radio Network Evolution High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access
Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signaling optimization
Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20 MHz spectrum
Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50 ms (dormant to active)
> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum
Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz
Eliminate “dedicated” channels; avoid macro diversity in DL
Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
Support voice services in the packet domain
Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) measurements |
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3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture Source: www.3gpp.org |
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Key 3G and 4G Parameters |
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Key 4G Mobility Concepts Mobile IP
VoIP
Ability to move around with the same IP address
IP tunnels
Intelligent Internet
Presence Awareness Technology
Knowing who is on line and where
Radio Router
Bringing IP to the base station
Smart Antennas
Unique spatial metric for each transmission Wireless IP <---> IP Wireless |
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4G Networks Advances Seamless mobility (roaming)
Roam freely from one standard to another
Integrate different modes of wireless communications – indoor networks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals; radio and TV; satellite communications
100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area)
IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and video
IP RAN
Open unified standards
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Successor to “SS7”; replacement for TCP
Maintain several data streams within a single connection
Service Location Protocol (SLP)
Automatic resource discovery
Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through IP-based service and directory agents The demise of SS7 |
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4G Networks Advances – cont’d Diameter
Successor to “Radius”
Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)
Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)
HSS
Unified Subscriber Information
Application developers, Service providers, and content creators Expand beyond the circle |
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Key Challenges Spectral Efficiencies
Challenge Shannon’s fundamental law of data communications (BW, Sig/No)
Hardware Frequency Synthesis techniques esp. for Frequency Hop (FH) systems
Traffic characteristics management (burstiness, directionality)
Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)
Baseband process using parallel equal bandwidth subchannels
MC-CDMA; OFDM
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Add cyclic extension or guard band to data
Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to Average Ratio (PAVR) No pain, no gain |
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 1 Signal Processing and optimizations
Handling extremely large number of users
Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions
Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes
Spectrum Pollution
Multi path re-enforcement / interference
Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference suppression techniques (ISI and MAI)
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 2 Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)
N Dimensional vector spaces
IFFT, FFT
Advanced DSP’s for parsing and processing data
Smart / Intelligent Antennas
Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI
Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays
Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)
Manage Entropy |
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 3 More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs
Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity, tunable filters, spurious rejection, power consumption
Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques
Tight closed Loop power control
Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments
Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios
Error Correction Coding
“Perfect” Synchronization / phase alignment between Xmitter and Receiver
Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero crossing)
Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals
A/D and D/A transformations
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4G RF/IF Architecture Example Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm |
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4G Transreceiver Processing Example Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm |
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 4 All IP Network
Tunneling and Firewalls
Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime location tracking, distributed policy management
Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic
Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversions Planetary Interoperability
Integration across different topologies
Multi Disciplinary Cooperation
WPAN WLAN WWAN WMAN There is packet at the end of the tunnel + IP |
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 5 Distribute intelligence to the edges
Very Smart User equipment; away from “network Centric” architecture
Access routers
Miniaturization esp User Equipment
Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)
Encryption Protocols; Security and “trust of information”
Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness
Dynamic optimization of scarce resources
Advanced Used interactions / presentation
Improved User interfaces
advanced Speech recognition and synthesis
Flexible displays
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 6 Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs
Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents
Web Adaptiveness – global database schemes, global error corrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learning algorithms
Symbolic manipulation
Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse information sources
Standardizations and Regulatory
Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming
Spectrum
Cooperation/coordination among global Spectrum Regulators |
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4G Forums Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe
Next-Generation Internet (NGI)
Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA, NIH etc.)
High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA), DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),
Internet2
US Universities Initiated
Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)
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Summary Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications
Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user interface
Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas
Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G
Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls
Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard, authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation
Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical space, esp. User Equipment (UE)
IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G
IP in the sky with diamonds |
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1st Generation Analog Cellular Systems |
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2nd Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems |
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3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards |
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Cdma2000 Layered Structure |
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UMTS Spectrum Allocation |
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WCDMA PACKET CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS Uu Iub Iu-ps |
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WCDMA PACKET USER PLANE PROTOCOLS |
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HSDPA Protocol Architecture |
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IMS Architecture |
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Standards IEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)
IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)
IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41)
IS-54: 1st Gen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHz channel
IS-88: CDMA
IS-91: Analog Callular air interface
IS-93: Wireless to PSTN Interface
IS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone)
IS-124: Call detail and billing record
IS-136: 2nd Genr TDMA (TDMA control channel)
IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS)
IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability (WNP)
IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on to TIA/EIA 95-B) |
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Glossary 3GPP:3G Partnership Project
AAA:Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
AMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec)
ANSI:American National Standards Institute
ARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan)
BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN 2) 2.5 Mbps
CAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic
CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access
CWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards group (China)
ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers Association
EDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
ETSI:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FDD:Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access
GGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC:Gateway MSC
GPRS:General Packet Radio Service
GSM:Global System for Mobile communication
GTP:GPRS Tunneling Protocol
HIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area Network
HLR:Home Location Register
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
HYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access network
IMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMT:International Mobile Telecommunications
ITU:International Telecommunications Union OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PDN:Public Data Network
PLMN:Public Land Mobile Network
PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network
QoS:Quality of Service
RAB:Radio Access Bearer
RNC:Radio Network Controller
RRC:Radio Resource Control
SGSN:Servicing GPRS Support Node
SIM:Subscriber Identity Module
TDD:Time Division Duplex
TDMA:Time Division Multiple Access
TTA:Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea)
TTC:Telecommunications Technology Commission (Japan)
UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VoIP:Voice over Internet Protocol
WCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network
WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network |
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References 1. www.3gpp.org
2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 2001
3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001
4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad, Artech House, 2001
5. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry, Beijing, 2002
6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 2000
7. www.mobileinfo.com |
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