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Slide 1 : JOINTS Dr.Geetha.K.N Associate Professor MGM Medical College Navi Mumbai
Slide 2 : Objectives To describe the common features of joints , their main differences ,their stabilizing factors classification based on different criteria   different type of movements occurring in these joints
Slide 3 : Definition Classification of JOINTS Functional Structural Classification of Fibrous Joints Classification of Cartilaginous Joints Synovial joints Structure Classification Blood supply Nerve supply Factors maintaining the stability Applied Anatomy
Slide 4 : Joint/Articulation/Junctions Joint is a junction between two or more bones or cartilages. Arthrology Arthron Greek word
Slide 5 : Classification Joints Solid – Fibrous and Cartilaginous Cavitated -Synovial Functional Synarthroses(Immovable joints)- cranial sutures Amphiarthroses (Slightly movable)- syndesmoses Diarthoses (Freely movable)- synovial joints Structural:- based on the type of connecting tissue/presence of cavity Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
Slide 6 : Fibrous joints Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses ( peg and socket) Sutures – sutural ligament, peculiar to the cranial bones, ossify in membranes Plane Serrate/Limbus Denticulate Squamous Schindylesis
Slide 7 : Fibrous Joint - Sutures Plane Suture-Median palatine suture Serrate Suture- Sagittal suture
Slide 8 : Denticulate Squamous Lambdoid suture Parieto-squamous suture
Slide 9 : Schindylesis/wedge and groove- Between rostrum of sphenoid and alae of vomer
Slide 10 : Fibrous Joint – Syndesmoses- middle radioulnar & tibiofibular joints
Slide 11 : Fibrous joint – Gomphosis- between teeth and alveolar sockets of mandible & maxilla
Slide 12 : Cartilaginous Joint United by hyaline / fibrocartilage No joint cavity Synchondroses/ primary cartilaginous joint Temporary undergo synostosis,Hyaline,no movt Symphyses/secondary cartilaginous joint Hyaline- disc of fibro cartilage- Hyaline Typically occur in the midline Limited movt.permissible
Slide 13 : Synchondroses / primary cartilaginous joint
Slide 14 : Symphyses/secondary cartilaginous joint
Slide 15 : Synovial Joint/Freely movable/Cavitated Joint
Slide 16 : Characteristics of synovial joint Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity Articular cartilage Fibrocartilage disc/ pad of fat/Bursae
Slide 17 : Fibrous capsule A tough layer of tissue encasing the joint. Protects and strengthens the joint.
Slide 18 : Ligaments True ligaments Accessory ligaments Intracapsular- anterior and posterior cruciate lig. Extracapsular – stylomandi bular ligt. Ligaments join bone to bone. Composed of strong, fibrous connective tissue. Keep the joint stable by helping to prevent dislocation.
Slide 19 : Synovial membrane Attachment Functions Secretes viscous synovial fluid Acts as a lubricant Reduces the friction Provides nutrition to articular cartilage and gets rid of debris and waste products from the joint
Slide 20 : Articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage Covers the ends of bones at a joint. Prevents wear and tear. Prevents friction Absorbs compressions Fibrocartilage disc or menisci
Slide 21 : Pad of fat Bursae Act as shock absorbers. Protect the joint from wear and tear. Between syn.membrane & fibrous capsule/ syn.membrane & bone Sacs containing synovial fluid. Located between a tendon & a bone/ muscle & bone/ skin & bone Help to reduce friction & facilitates the movt. of tendon or muscle
Slide 22 : Synovial membrane
Slide 23 : Classification of synovial joints According to degree of freedom of movtement Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial According to the shape of articular surfaces According to the number of articulating bones/compartments Simple Compound complex
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Slide 25 : Uniaxial Hinge joint- transverse axis Pivot joint- vertical axis
Slide 26 : Biaxial – Condylar/ modified hinge Transverse axis along with slight rotation Knee joint Temporomandibular joint Ellipsoid joint Transverse and anteroposterior axes Radio carpal joint Atlanto occipital joint
Slide 27 : Biaxial – Saddle joint Transverse axis Anteroposterior axis conjunct rotation
Slide 28 : Multiaxial – Ball and socket Transverse axis Anteroposterior axis Vertical axis
Slide 29 : Based on shape of the Articular surfaces 1.Plane joint – inter carpel & intertarsal joints 2.Hinge joint- elbow & interphalangeal joints
Slide 30 : Based on shape of the Articular surfaces 3. Pivot- superior radioulnar joint atlanto-axial joints 4. Condylar-knee joint temporomandibular joint
Slide 31 : Based on shape of the Articular surfaces 5.Ellipsoid joint-Metatarsophalangeal joints Wrist joint 6. Saddle joint- Sternoclavicular joint Thumb joint
Slide 32 : Based on shape of the Articular surfaces - 7. Ball & socket
Slide 33 : Based on the No. of articulating bones Simple – two bones are taking part in the joint formation Compound – more than two bones
Slide 34 : Complex More than two bones Joint cavity is divided into compartments
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Slide 43 : Blood supply Nerve supply Epiphyseal arteries Periarticular network Hilton’s Law Sensory nerves for pain Proprioceptive nerve fibers
Slide 44 : Factors limiting the movements Shape of articulating bony surface, when surfaces are disproportionate bone with larger surface gets more freedom of movt. Tension of Ligaments Tension of antagonistic muscles Approximation of soft parts
Slide 45 : Factors maintaining thestability of synovial joints Bony configuration Ligaments – permit desirable movts. & prevent undesirable movts. Muscles - tone of muscle groups
Slide 46 : Applied Dislocation – Arthritis
Slide 47 : Osteoarthritis Degenerative changes
Slide 48 : Rheumatoid arthritis
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