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JOINTS Dr.Geetha.K.N
Associate Professor
MGM Medical College
Navi Mumbai |
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Objectives To describe the common features of joints , their main differences ,their stabilizing factors
classification based on different criteria
different type of movements occurring in these joints
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Definition
Classification of JOINTS
Functional
Structural
Classification of Fibrous Joints
Classification of Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial joints
Structure
Classification
Blood supply
Nerve supply
Factors maintaining the stability
Applied Anatomy
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Joint/Articulation/Junctions Joint is a junction between two or more bones or cartilages.
Arthrology
Arthron Greek word |
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Classification Joints
Solid – Fibrous and Cartilaginous
Cavitated -Synovial
Functional
Synarthroses(Immovable joints)- cranial sutures
Amphiarthroses (Slightly movable)- syndesmoses
Diarthoses (Freely movable)- synovial joints
Structural:- based on the type of connecting tissue/presence of cavity
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial |
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Fibrous joints Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses ( peg and socket)
Sutures – sutural ligament, peculiar to the cranial bones, ossify in membranes
Plane
Serrate/Limbus
Denticulate
Squamous
Schindylesis |
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Fibrous Joint - Sutures Plane Suture-Median palatine suture
Serrate Suture- Sagittal suture |
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Denticulate Squamous Lambdoid suture Parieto-squamous suture |
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Schindylesis/wedge and groove- Between rostrum of sphenoid and alae of vomer |
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Fibrous Joint – Syndesmoses- middle radioulnar & tibiofibular joints |
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Fibrous joint – Gomphosis- between teeth and alveolar sockets of mandible & maxilla |
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Cartilaginous Joint United by hyaline / fibrocartilage
No joint cavity
Synchondroses/ primary cartilaginous joint
Temporary undergo synostosis,Hyaline,no movt
Symphyses/secondary cartilaginous joint
Hyaline- disc of fibro cartilage- Hyaline
Typically occur in the midline
Limited movt.permissible
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Synchondroses / primary cartilaginous joint |
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Symphyses/secondary cartilaginous joint |
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Synovial Joint/Freely movable/Cavitated Joint |
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Characteristics of synovial joint Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Fibrocartilage disc/ pad of fat/Bursae
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Fibrous capsule A tough layer of tissue encasing the joint.
Protects and strengthens the joint.
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Ligaments True ligaments
Accessory ligaments
Intracapsular- anterior and posterior cruciate lig.
Extracapsular – stylomandi bular ligt.
Ligaments join bone to bone.
Composed of strong, fibrous connective tissue.
Keep the joint stable by helping to prevent dislocation.
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Synovial membrane Attachment
Functions
Secretes viscous synovial fluid
Acts as a lubricant
Reduces the friction
Provides nutrition to articular cartilage and gets rid of debris and waste products from the joint
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Articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage
Covers the ends of bones at a joint.
Prevents wear and tear.
Prevents friction
Absorbs compressions
Fibrocartilage disc or menisci
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Pad of fat Bursae Act as shock absorbers.
Protect the joint from wear and tear.
Between syn.membrane & fibrous capsule/
syn.membrane & bone
Sacs containing synovial fluid.
Located between a tendon & a bone/ muscle & bone/ skin & bone
Help to reduce friction & facilitates the movt. of tendon or muscle
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Synovial membrane |
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Classification of synovial joints According to degree of freedom of movtement
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
According to the shape of articular surfaces
According to the number of articulating bones/compartments
Simple
Compound
complex
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Uniaxial Hinge joint- transverse axis Pivot joint- vertical axis |
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Biaxial – Condylar/ modified hinge
Transverse axis along with slight rotation
Knee joint
Temporomandibular joint Ellipsoid joint
Transverse and anteroposterior axes
Radio carpal joint
Atlanto occipital joint
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Biaxial – Saddle joint Transverse axis
Anteroposterior axis
conjunct rotation |
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Multiaxial – Ball and socket Transverse axis
Anteroposterior axis
Vertical axis |
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Based on shape of the Articular surfaces 1.Plane joint – inter carpel & intertarsal joints 2.Hinge joint- elbow & interphalangeal joints |
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Based on shape of the Articular surfaces 3. Pivot- superior radioulnar joint
atlanto-axial joints 4. Condylar-knee joint temporomandibular joint |
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Based on shape of the Articular surfaces 5.Ellipsoid joint-Metatarsophalangeal joints
Wrist joint 6. Saddle joint- Sternoclavicular joint
Thumb joint |
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Based on shape of the Articular surfaces - 7. Ball & socket |
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Based on the No. of articulating bones Simple – two bones are taking part in the joint formation Compound – more than two bones |
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Complex More than two bones
Joint cavity is divided into compartments |
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Blood supply Nerve supply Epiphyseal arteries
Periarticular network Hilton’s Law
Sensory nerves for pain
Proprioceptive nerve fibers |
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Factors limiting the movements Shape of articulating bony surface,
when surfaces are disproportionate bone with larger surface gets more freedom of movt.
Tension of Ligaments
Tension of antagonistic muscles
Approximation of soft parts
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Factors maintaining thestability of synovial joints Bony configuration
Ligaments – permit desirable movts. & prevent undesirable movts.
Muscles - tone of muscle groups |
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Applied Dislocation –
Arthritis |
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Osteoarthritis Degenerative changes |
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Rheumatoid arthritis |
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