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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) U.S. Data (CDC):
About half the population will have one at some point in their lives
An estimated 19 million people infected each year in the U.S. alone
At greatest risk: age 15-24 |
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In this age group, most common STIs
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
HPV
Most have no symptoms early on!
Transmitted by both intercourse (vaginal or anal) and oral sex
STDs or STIs |
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Emotional fall-out:
embarrassment
shame
guilt
despair
fear
These negative emotions can make people go in denial and avoid taking precautions or disclosing to partners. STDs or STIs |
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STDs or STIs Bacterial or viral diseases that are sexually transmitted through genital/oral/anal contact but also other conduits
Bacterial STIs:
can be cured if caught early
Viral:
can NOT be cured
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STDs or STIs Difference between most common reportable STI and most common STI
not all STIs are required to be reported
Many if not most (depending on disease and gender) are ASYMPTOMATIC
So: can transmit unknowingly |
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STDs or STIs Most Common:
HPV human papilloma virus (warts), not reportable
HPV:
over 150 different strains
transmitted not only sexually but by skin to skin in genital, oral and anal contact
cauliflower-like warts in vulva, vagina, penis, pubic area and anus but can be asymptomatic
leads to cervical cancer; recently vulvar precancerous growths, especially women over 40 (e.g. labia, clitoris) |
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STDs or STIs HPV: (Cont’d)
oral cancer : increase of oral sex
oropharyngeal cancer (mouth and throat) associated with HPV in the oral cavity. Far fewer oral sex partners result in increased cancer risk than with genital partners, rivaling oral cancers due to tobacco and alcohol
can cause penile and anal cancer
100 MUN female students a year have precancerous changes due to HPV
birth control pill interaction
hormones in contraceptive promotes changes in cervical cells that make it more vulnerable (squamous cells) |
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STDs or STIs HPV (Cont’d):
smoking interaction:
nicotine metabolites increase cervical cancer risk
early sex (13-15) is a risk factor (more likely to have more partners)
multiple partners, also a risk factor, including multiple partners of partner
effect of alcohol and drugs:
weaken immune system, impair judgment of risk
condoms not very effective in protecting against HPV:
warts can be in areas other than penis or vagina, e.g. pubic area, anus
no cure
it’s estimated that 85% of sexually active people have it, but strong immune system can fight it off |
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STDs or STIs HPV (Cont’d):
A new vaccine for HPV prevention is available since July ’06
Gardasil (contraindication: yeast allergy)
the vaccine prevents four strains of HPV, which happen to be the ones that most commonly (70%) cause cervical cancer. The recommendation is to vaccinate girls between ages 9 and 14, before they become sexually active. Girls chosen due to cervical cancer risk.
Currently tested on boys. |
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STDs or STIs Chlamydia:
± 400 per 100,000 depending on location
600 female
200 male
most common reportable STI in Canada
very high incidence
more in women, but less reporting from men
age 15-24 women highest rate
75% women asymptomatic until it spreads to uterus
damage to:
cervix
uterus
fallopian tubes
peritoneum
liver |
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STDs or STIs Chlamydia (Cont’d):
causes:
PID
tubal blockage
ectopic pregnancies
infertility
prematurity and low birth weight |
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STDs or STIs Chlamydia (Cont’d):
males:
50% asymptomatic
50% have urethral discharge
burning urination
epididymitis
infertility
Reiter’s syndrome (conjunctivitis and arthritis)
if having anal sex:
proctitis and proctocolitis |
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STDs or STIs Genital Herpes:
± 25% incidence
Caused by herpes simplex virus, Type I (cold sores) and Type II – both cause the STI
2010 study: HSV I more common in genital infections in university students
Can be transmitted through kissing, oral, genital or anal sex |
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STDs or STIs Most are asymptomatic:
if symptomatic: small, painful blisters on genitals
also, fever, painful urination, headaches, vaginal and urethral discharge, enlarged lymph nodes
Oral HSV also includes malaise, muscle aches, lesions in the soft palate, tongue, gums, lips and face
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STDs or STIs Genital Herpes (Cont’d):
These symptoms last 3 weeks, then virus goes dormant, but still contagious. Genital herpes lodges at base of spinal cord, while oral herpes infects top of spinal cord and base of brain. Symptoms may recur randomly.
Children of mothers with GH Type II have higher rates of schizophrenia or other psychoses. Correlational data.
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STDs or STIs Genital Herpes (Cont’d):
Pregnant women can transfer to fetus, can lead to fatal brain infection even if no genital blisters present at the delivery ? C-section recommended.
Correlation between HSV I and cognitive deficits.
No cure, some antiviral drugs lessen severity of symptoms and shorten the outbreak but always contagious. |
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STDs or STIs Long term: can lead to meningitis, narrowed urethra UTIs, increased HIV infection, genital scarring, encephalitis (fatal), blindness (from rubbing eyes after touching blisters elsewhere)
No cure and always contagious
Recently, a gel developed to protect women from HIV proved effective in protecting against herpes (51%) |
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STDs or STIs Hepatitis:
± 3 per 100,000
Viral disease of the liver.
Types A, B, C, D, E.
Type B most common STI.
Next is Type C. |
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STDs or STIs Hepatitis (Cont’d):
Hep B:
Through blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, other body fluids, IV drugs, piercing, tatoos.
Symptoms:
Enlarged liver, fever, fatigue, jaundice, vomiting. But some asymptomatic. No cure, can lead to liver degeneration and death.
Liver cirrhosis, cancer:
Second leading cause of cancer world-wide (after smoking).
But – there is a vaccine: prevention.
200 times more common than HIV. |
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STDs or STIs Hepatitis (Cont’d):
Hep C:
Can also lead to liver cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. Found in users of IV drugs, nasal coke, tattoos and piercings. Also contaminated water.
Recent increase in incidence (2011 data) |
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STDs or STIs HIV:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV/AIDS:
By 2007 almost 80,000 in Canada reported cases.
67% had died. But now a chronic illness thanks to medications.
AIDS:
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Estimate (2009): 65,000 Canadians live with HIV. One third not aware.
Worldwide: 40 million have HIV (estimate) |
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STDs or STIs AIDS (Cont’d):
Transmission:
body fluids (not saliva)
sex (penis/vagina or penis/anus)
contaminated blood
hypodermic needles
during pregnancy and childbirth
Condoms 87% effective for HIV
No cure but effective treatments make it a chronic illness
Recent studies: health problems of HIV/AIDS patients in middle/old age |
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STDs or STIs TRICHOMONIASIS:
Caused by neither bacterium nor virus.
Trichomonas vaginalis:
single cell protozoan, a parasite that attaches to vaginal cells.
transmitted mostly through sex, but the organism can survive for some time on toilet seats and other surfaces.
more common in women, very widespread (8,000,000 in North America, 170 million worldwide). |
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STDs or STIs TRICHOMONIASIS (Cont’d):
Men are asymptomatic, 50% women have symptoms:
vaginal itch
smelly (fishy), frothy vaginal discharge
Can cause:
PID
increased female vulnerability to HIV
people with HIV transmit it more easily if they have trichomoniasis
in pregnancy, premature birth and/or low birth weight
Treatment:
Flagyl (metronidazole) or other antibiotics for protozoa
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LYMPHOGRANULOMA (LPV) Same type as chlamydia (bacterial infection)
Affects the lymphatic system
Much more invasive
More common in men, many HIV positive (gay sex a risk factor)
Through oral, vaginal, anal sex
Symptoms (3-30 days): small painless sore in initial phase, in the genitals |
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LYMPHOGRANULOMA (LPV) Low grade fever, swelling and redness and enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, blood or pus in stools, painful bowel movements, abdominal pain, fatigue, muscle and joint aches
Treatable with antibiotics
Infection can spread to lymphatic system, lower GI tract, internal reproductive organs in women – if not treated early |
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STDs or STIs Safe Sex vs. safER sex
Two monogamous people who have tested negative for STIs or have never had any sexual contact before.
Issue of trust. |
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