Sustainable low-input cereal production required varietal Powerpoint Presentation

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Sustainable low-input cereal production required varietal

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Sustainable low-input cereal production: required varietal characteristics and crop diversity Working Group 4: plant-plant interactions

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About SUSVAR…. System characteristics: Cereal production Low-input conditions Aims: Increased stability (yield and quality) Increased resource use efficiency Main means: Better use of crop genetic diversity

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Better use of crop genetic diversity (1) Selection of suitable genotypes Better use of available gene-pool for low-input systems Varieties that are well suited to low-input conditions in general Varieties that are well suited to specific conditions (environmental conditions by definition more variable than under high-input conditions)

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Better use of crop genetic diversity (2) Use of mixtures Utilize more genotypes simultaneously Heterogeneity contributes to stability (risk avoidance) Generation of added value: Facilitation Competition

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Crop - environment: mutual interaction environment Crop A

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Facilitation: positive effect environment crop Crop A Crop B +

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Facilitative production principle: insects

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Competition: negative influence environment crop Crop A Crop B -

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Competitive relations are important

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Competition also the basis for over-yielding Competitive production principle intra-specific competition > inter-specific competition Niche-differentiation or complementarity ? better exploitation of available resources

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Facilitative production principle: weeds Facilitation (the creation of a weed free environment) is through Competition (suppression of weeds by other crop) Challenge: avoid other crop from developing into a weed.

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Facilitative production principle: weeds

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Working group plant-plant interaction Crop – weed interaction Weed suppression Which traits General or environment specific Easy screening procedures

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In case of mixtures Crop – crop interaction Yield stability Difference in stress-tolerance Productivity Niche differentiation Intra-specific competition > inter-specific competition

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Weed suppression of mixtures Crop – crop – weed interaction How to maximize weed suppression? Combine most competitive cultivars Maximize complementarity Complementarity in resource use and acquisition Complementarity in weed suppression mechanism

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Currently many different questions …. What do we want to obtain with mixtures? (stability, productivity, weed suppression, others) How can added value of mixtures be obtained? (what is the best strategy) How to select individual varieties for their performance in mixtures?

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Time to decide on where to go …

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WG 1 Genetics & Breeding WG 3 Plant – Soil Interactions WG 4 Plant – Plant Interactions WG 5 Plant Disease Complex WG 6 Variety testing & certification Organisation of activities and reciprocal benefits WG 2 Biostatistics

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Facilitative production principle: diseases

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Plant-plant interaction Main issues: Productivity Stability Weed suppression

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Learning-objectives To familiarise with options for evaluating: productivity competitive relations within intercropping systems To be able to value the various methodologies To learn the relationship between some indices of relative competitive ability

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Multiple cropping Growing two or more crops on the same field in a year - sequential cropping - relay intercropping - full intercropping time

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Reasons for intercropping Better use of available resources (land, labour, light, water, nutrients) Reduction in pest pressure + associated damage (diseases, insects, weeds) Socio-economic (greater stability, risk avoidance, food/cash crops) Sustainability (erosion, soil fertility)

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Facilitative production principle: diseases Causal organism: Magnaporthe grisea two phases: vegetative stage Leaf blast reproductive phase Neck or panicle blast

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Intercropping as weed management component manual weeding Transplanting Harvest weed-free period Leek monoculture Leek-Celery Intercrop Weeds Weeds weed-free period mechanical weeding mechanical weeding

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Competition the basis for over-yielding? Niche-differentiation ? better exploitation of available resources separation in time (relay) separation in space (rooting depth) different resource capture abilities different growth requirements

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Key to evaluation of intercrop productivity Quantification of competitive relations Example: Two-species mixture (sp 1 - sp 2) How many competition coefficients?

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Key to evaluation of intercrop productivity Quantification of competitive relations Example: Two-species mixture (sp 1 - sp 2) How many competition coefficients? 2 intraspecific competition coefficients: b11, b22 2 interspecific competition coefficients: b12, b21

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Intraspecific competition Y=N/(b0+b1N) ? W=Y/N=1/(b0+b1N) ? 1/W=b0+b1N

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Measure of intraspecific competition 1/W1=b10+b11N1 b10 [plant/g] b11 [m2/g] b11/b10 [m2/plant] crowding coefficient (de Wit) ecological neighbourhood area (Antonovics & Levin)

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Intercropping: intra and interspecific 1/W1=b10+b11N1+ b12N2 b11/b12 relative competitive ability What does this value learn us?

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Intercrop productivity 1/W1=b10+b11N1+ b12N2 and 1/W2=b20+b22N2+ b21N1 b11/b12 and b22/b21 Niche differentiation index (NDI): b11/b12 * b22/b21= (b11*b22)/(b12*b21) NDI =1,<1,>1

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How can we determine these indices?

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Evaluation in practice Experiment with three treatments: Monoculture of species 1? Y1,mono Monoculture of species 2 ?Y2,mono Mixture of species 1 and 2 ?Y1,mix, Y2,mix Calculation of Relative Yield RY1 =Y1,mix/Y1,mono RY2 =Y2,mix/Y2,mono Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) LER = RY1 + RY2 relative land area under sole crops required to produce the yields achieved in intercropping

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Two basic designs Additive design 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x species 1 species 2 mixture

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Two basic designs Replacement design 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x x x 0 x 0 x species 1 species 2 mixture

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Excercises Complete calculations on two intercrops grown at two different densities in replacement and additive design Focus on: What is the difference between outcomes from a replacement and an additive design? What is the difference between relative crowding coefficient (k) and the ratio of competition coefficients (e.g. b11/b12)?