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Computer Definition: A computer is a high speed electronic device capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations and of sorting and executing a set of instructions which will enable to perform a series of operations with out manual intervention.
Uses of computers:
Commercial offices and banks
Scientific research and laboratories
Engineering and productions
Military and police operations
Telecommunications
Education and training
Sales and services |
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Computer Characteristics of a computer:
Speed: it is one of the most important characteristic of computers. It is very fast calculating device. It maintains the same speed from beginning to till the end. It speed is measured in picoseconds i.e. the millionth part of a second.
Storage: the computer has the capacity to store large volume of data.
Super high accuracy and degree of reliability: computers are designed in such a way that their individual components have very high life and degree of reliability.
Automation: a computer can perform a particular work continuously for hours together without any human intervention.
Deligence: a computer can perform a particular work without suffering from tiredness and lack of concentration. It will do the last one with the same accuracy and speed as the first one.
Versatility: a computer can perform almost any type of arithmetic and logical operations on the data in the main memory. The ability to communicate with other systems and adopt several modes like audio visual, graphics, user’ s friendly etc.,
Superiority of manufacture: computer hardware is manufactured with the best materials by the most sophisticated process. So chances of failure are rare. |
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Computer History of computer:
Year Purpose Invented By Type
3000B.C counting Numbers Chinese Abacus
AD 700-900Europeans started using Hindu-Arabic Math
1617 Napier’s Bones Multiplication Napier Analog Machine
1617 Method of Logarithm Napier Analog Machine
1620 Slide Rule Willium Ougtherd Digital
1642 Mechanical calculating Machine Blaise Pascal
1671 Multiplication and divide Gottfried Leibnitz
1820 Algebraic Expressions and Charles Babbage Digital
Mathematical Tables of up to 20
decimals
1830 Additions at the rate 60 per Charles Babbage Analytic Engine
minute and memory also
1834 Punch cards with wire Joseph Jacquard Jacquard Loom Machine
1890 Punched cards Herman Hollerith Punched card Machine
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Computer 1939 the first prototype electronic computer was conceived by Dr.John Vincent Atanasoff, a Professor of Physics and Mathematics at lowa state college. Atanasoff teamed up with Clifford Berry, his graduate assistant, and began to build the first electronic computer. They called it the ‘Atanasoff-Berry Computer’ or ABC. The ABC used vaccum tubes for storage and arithmetic-logic function. The ABC was designed for the special purpose of solving systems of simultaneous equations.
1940 Von Neumann presented a paper, outlining the stored program concept.
1944 Aiken built the Mark-I, the first automatic, sequence controlled calculator; used by military to compute ballistic data.
1947 Mauchly and Eckert built ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator). It was a second general purpose electronic digital computer.
1949 Englishman Maurice V.Wilkes of Cambridge built EDSAC (Electronic
Delayed storage Automatic Computer), the first stored program computer.
1949 Mauchly, Eckert and von Neumann built EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). The second stored program computer.
1949 At Harvard, An Wang founder of Wang Laborataries developed magnetic-core memories. |
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Computer 1949 Jay Forrester at MIT organized magnetic-core memory to be more efficient.
1950 Turing built the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine). Which can be considered the first programmable digital computer.
1950 Read Admiral Grace Hopper developed UNIVAC-I computer.
1951 Mauchly and Eckert built the first computer, designed and sold comercially- UNIVAC-I(Universal Automatic Computer).
1957 Backus who was one of a group of IBM(International Business Machines) Engineers developed FORTRAN(FORmula TRANslation Language).
1959 Kilby and Noyce developed and perfected the integrated circuit, to be used in later computers.
1959 Hopper developed the COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) programming language.
1960 Gene Amdhal designed IBM System/360 series of Mainframe computer s, the first general purpose digital computers to use integrated circuits.
1963 Olsen with Digital Equipment Corporation produced the PDP-1 (Program Data Processor), the first minicomputer. |
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Computer 1965 Dr John Kemeny, a Mathematics Professor at Dartmouth, and his colleague, Dr Thomas Kurtz, developed the Computer language BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).
1970 Intel created a memory chip that could store a kilobit of information. A kilobit translates roughly into 25 five-letter words. Another innovation at Intel came from Ted Hoff, who has integrated circuit by compressing twelve chips into four. The arithmetic and logic functions of several chips could be contained on one chip, called microprocessor. Hoff microprocessor was called the Intel 4004.
1975 H.Edward Roberts, an electrical engineer who is now generally known as the ‘Father of the Microcomputer’ designed the first Micro Computer.
1976 Seymour Cray’s Cray-I Super Computer was delivered to Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico.
1977 Stephen Wozniak, the technical expert, and Steven jobs designed and built the first Apple Micro Computer.
1980 Lower cost computer systems- Personal Computers intended for home use were produced. New program products introduced.
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Computer Generations of Computers:
First Generation(1946-1955)
This generation of computers are based on the VACCUM Tube technology which are very delicate devices that control electronic signals.
Characteristics:
Punched cards used for feeding information.
Punched cards and paper used for getting results.
Magnetic tapes were used for external storage.
Oriented towards batch processing, where the entire machine is dedicated to a particular job until completed.
Human operators had to set switches.
Development of machine language and assembly language.
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Computer Ex:ENIAC,EDSAC,UNIVAC,LEO,IBM-650,701
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrated and Calculator and it is invented by Eckert and Mauchly in 1945.
EDSAC: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator and it is invented by professor Mauchly in 1949.
UNIVAC-I:Universal Automatic Computer and it is invented by Univac Division of Remington Ran in 1951.
LEO: Lyons Electronics Office and it is invented by M.V.Wilkens in 1951
IBM-650,701: International Business Machine Corporation in 1953 and 1954. IBM-650 was the first modern digital computer.
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Computer Advantages:
This technology made possible the designing of digital computer.
Disadvantages:
They are too bulky in size and occupies a lot of space.
Generated too much of heat.
Frequent failures which in use.
It is limited in use.
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Computer Second Generation(1956-1965)
This generation of computers are based on used transistors which were smaller in size and more reliable devices when compared to vaccum tubes.
Ex: IBM 7000,7094,IBM 1400,1620,Control Data 3600, General Electric 635 and Honeywell 200
Characteristics:
Punched cards and magnetic tape used for input of data.
Punched cards and paper used for output.
Magnetic core storage.
Oriented towards far more versatile types of applications in which multiple users were capable of using the machine concurrently.
Human operations handheld punched cards.
Development of high level languages FORTRAN,COBOL,BASIC,PL/1 and others.
Advantages:
Small in size.
Produce less heat.
Faster processing.
Disadvantages:
Required frequent maintenance.
Very expensive
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Computer Third Generation (1966-1975)
This technology was completely changed and transistors was replaced by IC’s and computers was based on IC technology
Ex: IBM 360,ICL 1900, PDP 8
Characteristics:
Monitors and keyboards were introduced for data input and output.
Punched cards began losing their prominence as the input or output device.
Magnetic disks used for external storage.
Designed around sophisticated OS capable of handing several jobs concurrently.
A concept of computer ‘families was introduced.
More high-level language including RPG (Report Program Generator) and PASCAL were developed. Heavy emphasis was laid on applications-oriented languages FORTRAN and COBOL.
Advantages:
Smaller in size when compared to I & II gene.
Low cost.
Widely used for commercial applications.
Fast and more compact.
Disadvantages:
Requires Air conditioning.
High advanced technology needed for the manufacturing of IC chips.
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Computer Forth Generation (1976-1985)
In this generations of computers Large Scale Integrated Circuit Technology was used. This technology helped to developed very small but extremely powerful and fast computers, which came to be known as MICRO COMPUTERS.
Ex: PC, PC-XT, PC-AT
Characteristics:
Further refinement of input and output devices.
Introduction of microcomputers.
Magnetic disks became the primary means of external storage.
OS capable of virtual storage, in which the machine can operate as if its main storage were several times its actual size.
The beginning of board use of special software for managing large data base.
Advantages:
Small in size and are easy to carry out.
Fast calculation.
Cheap in cost.
Minimum maintenance required.
Used totally for general purpose.
Disadvantages:
Required air condition.
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Computer Fifth Generation (1986-onwards)
In this generation very large scale integrated circuits were replaced by Artificial Intelligence technology. This technology helped to develop very small but extremely powerful and fast computers, which came to be known as ROBOTS.
Ex: PCs, Mini, Main frame, Super computers and robots.
Advantages:
Very small in size are easy to carry out.
Very fast calculations.
Cheap in cost.
Minimum maintenance required.
Used for general purpose.
Disadvantages:
Required for air condition. |
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Computer Classification of computers:
There are classified into three types
Digital computer: In this computers operate essentially by counting. It is use for evaluating arithmetic expressions and manipulating of data. Ex: ledgers, bills, etc…
Analog computer: It operate by measuring rather than by counting. Analog computer are powerful tools to solve differential equations. Ex: automobile speedometer etc…
Hybrid computer: Both analog and digital computers are called hybrid computers.
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Computer Classification based on memory size:
Digital computers are also classified in accordance with their memory-size as below:
Microcomputers upto 4MB
Minicomputers 4MB-12MB
Super Minicomputers 1MB-80MB
Midi or Mainframe Computers 2MB-128MB
Maxi or Super Computers 8MB-10GB
Maxi or Super Computers :
It means a computer having main memory of 256MB . This computer is 5 million times faster than the first computer i.e ENAIAC.
On the first super computer ILLIAC-IV, 64 different calculations could be made at a time, i.e. it was equivalent to 64 different mainframe computers.
It was the first large scale array computer which become operational November 1975.
The ILLIAC consists of a single control unit that broadcasts instructions to 64 processing elements operating simultaneously.
The main memory of ILLIAC is contained a disk, with a capacity of eight million words, at a transfer rate of 500 megabyte.
It can execute instructions at a rate of 300 millions per second.
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Computer Midi or Mainframe Computers :
These are large scale computers which occupy a large air-conditioned roomful space and main memory size up to 128MB.
These computers also known as Mainframe computers.
A computer system can be used by 128 users simultaneously in time sharing mode and employing mini computers as a front-end processor.
The speed of 5 to 100 million instructions per second.
Ex:IBM 308X-580, IBM-3090,4300,4381,DEC 1090,10,20,Cyber’s 170,ICL’s 9 series, Honeywell’s DPS 88/860 etc..
Super Minicomputers:
These computers have recently come into existance,possing the memory-range of mainframe computer installed in the size of minicomputer.
These machines have 32 bit word length and support memory sizes in the range of 1 to 80MB, and are getting good support in research and on-line production control technique and data processing
Ex:VAX-II,780/8600,TDC 332, Wipro’s Pyramid 90x,Bluestar’s Series930,etc… |
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Computer Minicomputers:
Minicomputers are at least five times faster than microcomputers having CPU speed of approximate 500K instructions per second.
Memory size 256KB to 12MB and word length of 16/32 bits and are designed for 4 to 8 users in time sharing modes.
They use Winchester hard disks drives of 80MB each, 1 or 2 FD, 7 or 8 printers, 9 online printers digitizers, plotters and fixed storage of 160MB and magnetic tapes.
Microcomputers:
Microcomputer is called micro for two reasons: one because it is miniature in size(micro means million times less than a unit quantity) and another because it uses microprocessor.
Microprocessor is actually the heart-cum-mind of a computer.
All computers have essentially five parts namely input,output,central processing unit, control unit and memory.
Micros had a word lengths of 8/16 bits, speed 100 Kips and memory range of 16 to 512KB |
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Computer Personal Computers:
A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.
It is used for individual or small business purpose.
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Computer SMPS(Switched-mode power supply)
A switched-mode power supply (also switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or simply switcher) is an electronic Power Supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator in order to provide the required output voltage.
Classification
SMPS can be classified into four types according to the input and output waveforms:
AC in, DC out: rectifier, off-line converter input stage
DC in, DC out: voltage converter, or current converter, or DC to DC converter
AC in, AC out: frequency changer, cycloconverter, transformer
DC in, AC out: inverter
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