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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
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2 Introduction
From the 2MHz Intel 4004 launched in 1971 to the mind boggling core 2 duo in 2007 from the same company-the Microprocessor technology has come across a long way over these thirty seven years.
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) that contains a complete CPU on a single chip.
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3 Generations of Processor |
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4 PROCESSOR CHIPS The Intel 8080 Intel 4004 chip |
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5 FEATURES OF CPU SPEED. The maximum number of clock cycles measured in MHz. The higher the speed, the quicker a command will be executed.
Number of transistors. More switches means more computing power.
Registers. The size (in bits) of the internal registers. The larger the registers,the more complicated the commands that can be processed in one step.
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6 Data bus : which carries the data signals..
Address bus: The size of the address bus determines the maximum amount of memory that can be addressed by the CPU.
Cache: The internal cache is high-speed memory built into the processor This is a place to store frequently used data instead of sending it to slower devices (speed is relative in computers) such as RAM and hard disk Drives. It is built into the processor and has a dramatic effect on speed. |
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7 Role of Processor in a PC Performance.
Software support
Reliability and Stability.
Energy Consumption and Cooling.
Motherboard support.
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8 Performance The processor is probably the most important single determinant of system performance in the PC. While other components also play a key role in determining performance, the processor's capabilities dictate the maximum performance of a system. The other devices only allow the processor to reach its full potential. |
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9 Reliability and Stability The quality of the processor is one factor that determines how reliably your system will run. While most processors are very dependable, some are not. This also depends to some extent on the age of the processor and how much energy it consumes. |
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10 Motherboard Support The processor you decide to use in your system will be a major determining factor in what sort of chipset you must use, and hence what motherboard you buy. The motherboard in turn dictates many facts of your system's capabilities and performance. |
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11 SUPER SCALAR TECHNOLOGY Instruction pipeline:-
Registers
Decoders
ALU
Superscalar technology have two instruction pipelines:-
U->It can execute the full range of Pentium instructions.
V->It is having less number of instructions. |
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12 EXECUTING INSTRUCTIONS Steps to carryout one Instruction:-
1.Read the instruction.
2.Decode the instruction.
3.Fetch the instruction.
4.Execute the instruction.
5.Write the result. |
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13 Processor Generation and Families |
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14 COMPARISON BETWEEN PROCESSORS |
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15 Bus Interface Unit (BIU):
The BIU supervises the transfer of data over the bus system between devices and the CPU and serves as the interface point for the CPU and the external bus for the CU. |
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16 Registers
Built into the CPU are a number of holding areas and buffers used to temporarily hold data, addresses, and instructions being passed around between the CPU's components. |
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17 L 1 cache
The purpose of a cache is to enable the CPU to access recently used information very quickly . |
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18 Control Unit (CU)
the control unit controls the processor's functions by telling the other parts of the CPU how to operate, what data to use, and where to put the results. |
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19 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU )
The ALU performs the numerical calculations (except those done by the FPU) and comparative logic functions, including all add, subtract, divide, multiply, equal to, greater than, less than, and other arithmetic and logic operations. |
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20 Execution unit
Execution of instruction and data is done in this unit. This unit takes care the processing of data as per the instruction.. |
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21 Floating Point Unit (FPU ) The FPU handles the floating point operations for the ALU and CU. Floating point operations involve arithmetic on numbers with decimal places and higher math operations, such as trigonometry and logarithms. The FPU also may be called the math coprocessor, the Numerical Processing Unit (NPU), or the Numerical Data Processor (NDP). |
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22 Memory Management Unit (MMU) The MMU handles the addressing and cataloging of where data is stored in RAM and cache memory. Any data that the CPU needs from memory is requested from the MMU. The MMU manages memory segmentation and paging allocations and translates all logical addressing into physical addressing. |
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23 Processor Packaging |
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24 Standardized Sockets and Slots Originally the purpose providing a CPU socket on the motherboard was just to provide a place to insert a processor onto the motherboard.
However over the last few years Intel and AMD, the two major processor makers in the PC world, have defined several socket interface standards for PC motherboards.
These are standardized Socket and Slot specifications to be used with matching processors that are specifically designed for them.
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25 Sockets and Slots details
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28 PGA Socket 370 pin |
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29 LGA 775 Socket |
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30 A Slot-1 Motherboard |
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31 Pentium processor in an SEC package and Slot 1 |
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32 Process Technology The process used to manufacture the chips has an impact on the following:
Minimum circuit or feature size, which refers to how much you can miniaturize the processor and how many transistors you can pack into a given space.
Maximum speed that you can run the chip at.
Voltage requirements.
Heat generation and power consumption, which are a function to some extent of the previous three. |
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33 Processor Cooling Active Heat Sink.
Passive Heat Sink.
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34 Passive Heat Sink The first type of cooling applied to processors was the heat sink, a device used for a very long time in electronics to cool hot devices. These are now sometimes called "passive" heat sinks
It cools the processor using thermal conduction and radiation. A large piece of metal (usually aluminum) with fins on it is attached to the surface of the processor. The metal of the heat sink draws heat from the processor, and air blowing through the fins on the heat sink cool it |
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35 PASSIVE HEAT SINK |
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36 ACTIVE HEAT SINK |
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37 Major development in Processors evolution Intel 4004
Intel 8008 processor
Intel 8080
Intel 8086 processor
Intel 8088 processor
Intel 80286 processor
Intel 80386dx processor
Intel 80386SX processor
Intel 80486DX processor
Intel 80486SX processor
Intel 80486DX2 processor
Intel 80486DX4 processor
AMD 5*86 and Cyrix 5*86processor
First Intel Pentium processor
AMD K5 and Cyrix 6*86
Intel Pentium MMX Processor
Intel Pentium Pro Processor
Intel Pentium II Processor
Intel Celeron Processor |
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38 Major development in Processors evolution continue AMD K6 processor
Intel Pentium III Processor
AMD Athlon Classic Processor
AMd Athlon Thunderbird Processor
Intel Pentium 4
AMD Duran Processor
Intel Xeon Processor
Intel Itanium Processor
Intel Pentium M Processor Intel Pentium d
Intel Core 2 processor
Intel Core 2 Duo processor
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39 Intel 4004 processor Intel 4004 microprocessor Produced From late 1971 to 1981
Common manufacturer(s)Intel
Max. CPU clock740 kHz
Instruction set4-bit BCD orientedPackage(s)16 pin |
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40 Intel 8008 Microprocessor An Intel 8008 Microprocessor
Produced From mid 1972 to 1983
Common manufacturer's) Intel
Max. CPU clock 0.5 MHz to 0.8 MHz
Instruction set pre x86
Package (s) 18 pin DIP |
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41 Intel C8080 processor An Intel C8080A processor.
Produced mid 1974
Common manufacturer (s) Intel Max. CPU clock2 MHz
Instruction set pre x86
Package(s)40 |
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42 An Intel 80286 Microprocessor An Intel 80286 Microprocessor
Produced From 1982 to early 1990s
Common manufacturer(s)Intel, IBM, AMD, Harris (Intersil), Siemens AG, Fujitsu
Max. CPU clock6 MHz (4 MHz a short time) to 25 MHz
Min. feature size1.5µm
Instruction setx86-16 (with MMU)
Package(s) PGA, CLCC and PLCC 68-pin |
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43 Intel 80386 DX, 16 MHz Intel 80386 DX, 16 MHz, foreground
Produced From 1986 to September 2007
Common manufacturer(s)Intel AMD IBM
Max. CPU clock12 MHz to 40 MHz
Min. feature size1.5µm to 1µm
Instruction setx86 (IA-32)
Package(s)132-pin PGA, 132-pin PQFP; SX variant: 100-pin PQFP |
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44 Intel 80386SX processor A lower-speed version of the Intel 80386.
It uses a 16-bit data bus instead of a 32-bit data bus.
It has a 24-bit address bus
It is faster than the 286, and more importantly,
Intel's version runs at 16 MHz, while AMD's can run at up to 33 MHz.
It comes in a PFP package. (2003-07-05) |
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45 Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor. The exposed die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor.
Produced From 1989 to 2007
Common manufacturer(s)Intel, IBM, AMD, Texas Instruments, UMC, SGS Thomson
Max. CPU clock16 MHz to 100 MHz
FSB speeds16 MHz to 50 MHz
Min. feature size1µm to 0.6µm
Instruction setx86 (including x87 floating point)
Package(s) PGA (socket 1, 2, 3), 196-pin PQFP |
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46 Am5x86-P75 (X5-133) Am5x86-P75 (X5-133)
350 nm CMOS process
L1 Cache: 16 KiB unified.
write-back or write-through. 4-way associative
Socket 3, 168-pin Socket 1, or Socket 2 with voltage regulator
Vcore: 3.45 V
Clock rate: 133 MHz
Front side bus: 33 MHz
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47 Cyrix 5x86 (M1sc) Cyrix 5x86 (M1sc) is a 32-bit microprocessor
. Produced in the same package as the 80486,
the 5x86 included many features from M1 (Cyrix 6x86) architecture - 64-bit internal architecture, branch prediction,
data forwarding and 16 KB write-back cache.
Unlike the 5th generation x86 processors, the Cyrix 5x86 was not a superscalar processor, |
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48 The Intel Pentium Produced From 1993 to 1999
Common manufacturer(s) Intel
Max. CPU clock60 MHz to 300 MHz
FSB speeds50 to 66
Min. feature size0.8µm to 0.25µm
Instruction set x86
Microarchitecture P5 Cores1
Socket(s) Socket 4, Socket 5, Socket7
Core name(s)P5. P54, P54CS, P55C, Tillam |
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49 AMD K5 PROCESSOR Sold as 5K86 P75 to P100, later as K5 PR75 to PR100
4.3 million Transistors in 500 or 350 nm
L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions)
Socket 5 and Socket 7
VCore: 3.52V
Front side bus: 50 (PR75), 60 (PR90), 66 MHz (PR100)
First release: March 27, 1996
Clock rate: 75, 90, 100 MHz
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50 Intel Pentium MMX Processor Dual processor support.
Superscalar architecture (2 pipe-lined integer units + 1 pipe-lined FPU).
FPU performance enhancements.
Power management features.
Separate 16 KB code and 16 KB data cache (Pentium non-MMX process had 8 KB code and 8KB data cache).
3.3V input/output level and 2.8V core.
New 67 MMX instructions and 4 new 64 bit data types. |
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51 Pentium pro processor 256 KB L2 cache
387-pin modified
SPGA
Gold plated heat spreader
Image reduced 2x times |
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52 Intel Pentium II Processor Produced From mid 1997 to early 1999
Common manufacturer (s) Intel
Max. CPU clock233 MHz to 450 MHz
FSB speeds66 to 100
Min. feature size0.35µm to 0.25µm
Instruction setx86, MMX Microarchitecture
P6Cores1
Socket(s) SEC Slot 1 MMC-1 MMC-2 Mini-Cartridge |
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53 Intel Pentium p4 processor Produced From 2000 to 2008
Common manufacturer (s) Intel
Max. CPU clock1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz
FSB speeds400 MT/s to 1066 MT/s
Min. feature size0.18µm to 65nmI
nstruction setx86 (i386), x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3
Microarchitecture NetBurst
Socke t(s) Socket 423 Socket 478 LGA 775 |
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54 Thank You ! HCNE Core Hardware |
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